1.初始化LED灯（根据原理图修改pin和gpio）：

//初始化led
void Led_Init(void)
{

	GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIOB_InitStructure;
	
	RCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOB|RCC_APB2Periph_AFIO, ENABLE);
	GPIO_PinRemapConfig(GPIO_Remap_SWJ_JTAGDisable, ENABLE);
	

	GPIOB_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin = GPIO_Pin_0|GPIO_Pin_1|GPIO_Pin_2|GPIO_Pin_3|GPIO_Pin_4|GPIO_Pin_5|GPIO_Pin_6|GPIO_Pin_7;	           
	GPIOB_InitStructure.GPIO_Mode  = GPIO_Mode_Out_PP; 
	GPIOB_InitStructure.GPIO_Speed = GPIO_Speed_50MHz; 
	
	GPIO_Init(GPIOB, &GPIOB_InitStructure);	
	
	GPIO_SetBits(GPIOB, 0xFF);    
}

2.初始化串口

void Uart_Init(void)
{
//第一结构体变量
	GPIO_InitTypeDef  GPIOA_InitStructure;
	USART_InitTypeDef USART_InitStructure;
	NVIC_InitTypeDef  NVIC_InitStructure;
//打开时钟
	RCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOA, ENABLE);	
	RCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB2Periph_USART1, ENABLE); 
//配置引脚
	GPIOA_InitStructure.GPIO_Mode  = GPIO_Mode_AF_PP; 
	GPIOA_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin   = GPIO_Pin_9 ; 
	GPIOA_InitStructure.GPIO_Speed = GPIO_Speed_50MHz;	
	
	GPIO_Init(GPIOA, &GPIOA_InitStructure);
	
	GPIOA_InitStructure.GPIO_Mode  = GPIO_Mode_IN_FLOATING; 
	GPIOA_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin   = GPIO_Pin_10 ; 
	GPIOA_InitStructure.GPIO_Speed = GPIO_Speed_50MHz;	
	
	GPIO_Init(GPIOA, &GPIOA_InitStructure);
	
//初始化串口
	USART_InitStructure.USART_BaudRate   = 9600;	
	USART_InitStructure.USART_WordLength = USART_WordLength_8b;
	USART_InitStructure.USART_StopBits   = USART_StopBits_1;  
	USART_InitStructure.USART_Parity     = USART_Parity_No;   
	USART_InitStructure.USART_Mode       = USART_Mode_Rx|USART_Mode_Tx;
	USART_InitStructure.USART_HardwareFlowControl = USART_HardwareFlowControl_None;
	USART_Init(USART1, &USART_InitStructure);
//配置NVIC
	NVIC_InitStructure.NVIC_IRQChannel   = USART1_IRQn;
	NVIC_InitStructure.NVIC_IRQChannelCmd = ENABLE;    
	NVIC_InitStructure.NVIC_IRQChannelPreemptionPriority = 2;
	NVIC_InitStructure.NVIC_IRQChannelSubPriority = 2;
	NVIC_Init(&NVIC_InitStructure);
//打开串口中断
	USART_ITConfig(USART1, USART_IT_RXNE, ENABLE);
//打开串口
	USART_Cmd(USART1, ENABLE); 
}

3.编译中断函数：

//串口接收缓冲变量
uint16_t receive_data;
//编写中断服务函数
void USART1_IRQHandler()
{
	//获取串口状态
	if(USART_GetITStatus(USART1, USART_IT_RXNE) == SET)
	{
		//清除标志位
		USART_ClearITPendingBit(USART1, USART_IT_RXNE);
		//接收一个数据
		receive_data = USART_ReceiveData(USART1);
	}
}

以下是完整代码：

#include "stm32f10x.h"
#include "stdio.h"
//重定向printf函数，输出内容至串口1
struct __FILE{
int handle;
};
FILE __stdout;
int _sys_exit(int x)
//避免半主机模式
{
x = x;
return 0;
}
//修改printf的调用函数
int fputc(int ch,FILE *p) 
{
 USART_SendData(USART1,(u8)ch);
 while(USART_GetFlagStatus(USART1,USART_FLAG_TXE)==RESET);
 return ch;
}
//初始化led
void Led_Init(void)
{

	GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIOB_InitStructure;
	
	RCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOB|RCC_APB2Periph_AFIO, ENABLE);
	GPIO_PinRemapConfig(GPIO_Remap_SWJ_JTAGDisable, ENABLE);
	

	GPIOB_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin = GPIO_Pin_0|GPIO_Pin_1|GPIO_Pin_2|GPIO_Pin_3|GPIO_Pin_4|GPIO_Pin_5|GPIO_Pin_6|GPIO_Pin_7;	           
	GPIOB_InitStructure.GPIO_Mode  = GPIO_Mode_Out_PP; 
	GPIOB_InitStructure.GPIO_Speed = GPIO_Speed_50MHz; 
	
	GPIO_Init(GPIOB, &GPIOB_InitStructure);	
	
	GPIO_SetBits(GPIOB, 0xFF);    
}
//串口配置函数

void Uart_Init(void)
{
//第一结构体变量
	GPIO_InitTypeDef  GPIOA_InitStructure;
	USART_InitTypeDef USART_InitStructure;
	NVIC_InitTypeDef  NVIC_InitStructure;
//打开时钟
	RCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOA, ENABLE);	
	RCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB2Periph_USART1, ENABLE); 
//配置引脚
	GPIOA_InitStructure.GPIO_Mode  = GPIO_Mode_AF_PP; 
	GPIOA_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin   = GPIO_Pin_9 ; 
	GPIOA_InitStructure.GPIO_Speed = GPIO_Speed_50MHz;	
	
	GPIO_Init(GPIOA, &GPIOA_InitStructure);
	
	GPIOA_InitStructure.GPIO_Mode  = GPIO_Mode_IN_FLOATING; 
	GPIOA_InitStructure.GPIO_Pin   = GPIO_Pin_10 ; 
	GPIOA_InitStructure.GPIO_Speed = GPIO_Speed_50MHz;	
	
	GPIO_Init(GPIOA, &GPIOA_InitStructure);
	
//初始化串口
	USART_InitStructure.USART_BaudRate   = 9600;	
	USART_InitStructure.USART_WordLength = USART_WordLength_8b;
	USART_InitStructure.USART_StopBits   = USART_StopBits_1;  
	USART_InitStructure.USART_Parity     = USART_Parity_No;   
	USART_InitStructure.USART_Mode       = USART_Mode_Rx|USART_Mode_Tx;
	USART_InitStructure.USART_HardwareFlowControl = USART_HardwareFlowControl_None;
	USART_Init(USART1, &USART_InitStructure);
//配置NVIC
	NVIC_InitStructure.NVIC_IRQChannel   = USART1_IRQn;
	NVIC_InitStructure.NVIC_IRQChannelCmd = ENABLE;    
	NVIC_InitStructure.NVIC_IRQChannelPreemptionPriority = 2;
	NVIC_InitStructure.NVIC_IRQChannelSubPriority = 2;
	NVIC_Init(&NVIC_InitStructure);
//打开串口中断
	USART_ITConfig(USART1, USART_IT_RXNE, ENABLE);
//打开串口
	USART_Cmd(USART1, ENABLE); 
}
//串口接收缓冲变量
uint16_t receive_data;
//编写中断服务函数
void USART1_IRQHandler()
{
	//获取串口状态
	if(USART_GetITStatus(USART1, USART_IT_RXNE) == SET)
	{
		//清除标志位
		USART_ClearITPendingBit(USART1, USART_IT_RXNE);
		//接收一个数据
		receive_data = USART_ReceiveData(USART1);
	}
}

int main()
{
	u16 led_status1 = 0;
	u16 led_status2 = 0;
	u16 led_status3 = 0;
	u16 led_status4 = 0;
	u16 led_status5 = 0;
	u16 led_status6 = 0;
	u16 led_status7 = 0;
	u16 led_status8 = 0;
	NVIC_PriorityGroupConfig(NVIC_PriorityGroup_2);
	Led_Init();	//初始化led
	Uart_Init();//初始化串口
	while(1)
	{
		switch(receive_data){
			case '1':{
				if(led_status1 == 0){
					GPIO_ResetBits(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_0);
					printf("LED1 is turn on\n");
					led_status1 = 1;
				}
				else{
					GPIO_SetBits(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_0);
					printf("LED1 is turn off\n");
					led_status1 = 0;
				}
			break;
			}
			case '2':{
			if(led_status2 == 0){
					GPIO_ResetBits(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_1);
					printf("LED2 is turn on\n");
					led_status2 = 1;
				}
				else{
					GPIO_SetBits(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_1);
					printf("LED2 is turn off\n");
					led_status2 = 0;
				}
			break;
			}
			case '3':{
			if(led_status3 == 0){
					GPIO_ResetBits(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_2);
					printf("LED3 is turn on\n");
					led_status3 = 1;
				}
				else{
					GPIO_SetBits(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_2);
					printf("LED3 is turn off\n");
					led_status3 = 0;
				}
			break;
			}
			case '4':{
			if(led_status4 == 0){
					GPIO_ResetBits(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_3);
					printf("LED4 is turn on\n");
					led_status4 = 1;
				}
				else{
					GPIO_SetBits(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_3);
					printf("LED4 is turn off\n");
					led_status4 = 0;
				}
			break;
			}
			case '5':{
			if(led_status5 == 0){
					GPIO_ResetBits(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_4);
					printf("LED5 is turn on\n");
					led_status5 = 1;
				}
				else{
					GPIO_SetBits(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_4);
					printf("LED5 is turn off\n");
					led_status5 = 0;
				}
			break;
			}
			case '6':{
			if(led_status6 == 0){
					GPIO_ResetBits(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_5);
					printf("LED6 is turn on\n");
					led_status6 = 1;
				}
				else{
					GPIO_SetBits(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_5);
					printf("LED6 is turn off\n");
					led_status6 = 0;
				}
			break;
			}
			case '7':{
			if(led_status7 == 0){
					GPIO_ResetBits(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_6);
					printf("LED7 is turn on\n");
					led_status7 = 1;
				}
				else{
					GPIO_SetBits(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_6);
					printf("LED7 is turn off\n");
					led_status7 = 0;
				}
			break;
			}
			case '8':{
			if(led_status8 == 0){
					GPIO_ResetBits(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_7);
					printf("LED8 is turn on\n");
					led_status8 = 1;
				}
				else{
					GPIO_SetBits(GPIOB, GPIO_Pin_7);
					printf("LED8 is turn off\n");
					led_status8 = 0;
				}
			break;
			}
		}
			
	}
}

效果如下