一、device

二、memory map

具体寄存器映射详见 STM32F4X7 手册

三、启动流程

1、上电启动：机器上电从 0 地址启动

用户可以通过拨码选择启动介质。根据启动模式的不同（用户闪存、系统闪存和SRAM），将其映射到0x0的低端地址。
系统复位后，CPU 首先读取向量表中前两个字（MSP+复位向量）。复位向量表示程序执行的起始地址。

四、软硬件设计

1、中断向量表

地址			编号					值
0x00			0					msp 初值
0x04			1					复位向量地址
0x08			2					NMI 异常处理程序入口
0x0c			3					硬 fault 异常处理程序入口
... ...
0x40 ...		16~255		IRQ(1~239)中断处理程序入口

2、初始化流程：startup_stm32f407xx.s

; 初始化堆栈指针 SP
; 初始化程序计数器指针 PC
; 设置堆、栈的大小
; 设置中断向量表的入口地址
; 调用 SystemIni() 函数配置 STM32 的系统时钟
; 设置 C库的分支入口“__main”（最终用来调用 main 函数）

Stack_Size		EQU     0x400								;定义栈的大小1K
                AREA    STACK, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3	;AREA 定义栈段（STACK），不初始化，可读写，2^3=8字节对齐
Stack_Mem       SPACE   Stack_Size							;SPACE 是为栈分配空间，开辟栈空间大小为0x400
__initial_sp												;__initial_sp 是个标号，这个标号指向栈的栈顶

; <h> Heap Configuration
;   <o>  Heap Size (in Bytes) <0x0-0xFFFFFFFF:8>
; </h>
Heap_Size       EQU     0x200								;定义堆的大小 512 字节
                AREA    HEAP, NOINIT, READWRITE, ALIGN=3	;处定义堆段（HEAP），不初始化，可读写，8字节对齐
__heap_base													;堆的起始地址
Heap_Mem        SPACE   Heap_Size							;开始分配堆的空间
__heap_limit												;堆的结束地址
 
                PRESERVE8
                THUMB

; Vector Table Mapped to Address 0 at Reset
                AREA    RESET, DATA, READONLY				;定义只读数据段（DATA）存放中断向量表
                                                            ;RESET 表示将该段放在可执行文件最前端的 0 地址。此时 0 地址存放 __initial_sp
                EXPORT  __Vectors							;声明全局标号__Vectors，该标号可在其它的文件中引用
                EXPORT  __Vectors_End
                EXPORT  __Vectors_Size

;DCD指令以字为单位分配内存。4字节对齐，并初始化这些内存。
;在向量表中，DCD 分配了一堆内存，并且初始化为中断向量入口地址。
__Vectors       DCD     __initial_sp               ; Top of Stack	存放__initial_sp，也就是堆栈栈顶的地址
                DCD     Reset_Handler              ; Reset Handler
                DCD     NMI_Handler                ; NMI Handler
                DCD     HardFault_Handler          ; Hard Fault Handler
                DCD     MemManage_Handler          ; MPU Fault Handler
                DCD     BusFault_Handler           ; Bus Fault Handler
                DCD     UsageFault_Handler         ; Usage Fault Handler
                DCD     0                          ; Reserved
                DCD     0                          ; Reserved
                DCD     0                          ; Reserved
                DCD     0                          ; Reserved
                DCD     SVC_Handler                ; SVCall Handler
                DCD     DebugMon_Handler           ; Debug Monitor Handler
                DCD     0                          ; Reserved
                DCD     PendSV_Handler             ; PendSV Handler
                DCD     SysTick_Handler            ; SysTick Handler
 
                ; External Interrupts
                DCD     WWDG_IRQHandler                   ; Window WatchDog                                        
                DCD     PVD_IRQHandler                    ; PVD through EXTI Line detection                        
                DCD     TAMP_STAMP_IRQHandler             ; Tamper and TimeStamps through the EXTI line            
                DCD     RTC_WKUP_IRQHandler               ; RTC Wakeup through the EXTI line                       
                DCD     FLASH_IRQHandler                  ; FLASH                                           
                DCD     RCC_IRQHandler                    ; RCC                                             
                DCD     EXTI0_IRQHandler                  ; EXTI Line0                                             
                DCD     EXTI1_IRQHandler                  ; EXTI Line1                                             
                DCD     EXTI2_IRQHandler                  ; EXTI Line2                                             
                DCD     EXTI3_IRQHandler                  ; EXTI Line3                                             
                DCD     EXTI4_IRQHandler                  ; EXTI Line4                                             
                DCD     DMA1_Stream0_IRQHandler           ; DMA1 Stream 0                                   
                DCD     DMA1_Stream1_IRQHandler           ; DMA1 Stream 1                                   
                DCD     DMA1_Stream2_IRQHandler           ; DMA1 Stream 2                                   
                DCD     DMA1_Stream3_IRQHandler           ; DMA1 Stream 3                                   
                DCD     DMA1_Stream4_IRQHandler           ; DMA1 Stream 4                                   
                DCD     DMA1_Stream5_IRQHandler           ; DMA1 Stream 5                                   
                DCD     DMA1_Stream6_IRQHandler           ; DMA1 Stream 6                                   
                DCD     ADC_IRQHandler                    ; ADC1, ADC2 and ADC3s                            
                DCD     CAN1_TX_IRQHandler                ; CAN1 TX                                                
                DCD     CAN1_RX0_IRQHandler               ; CAN1 RX0                                               
                DCD     CAN1_RX1_IRQHandler               ; CAN1 RX1                                               
                DCD     CAN1_SCE_IRQHandler               ; CAN1 SCE                                               
                DCD     EXTI9_5_IRQHandler                ; External Line[9:5]s                                    
                DCD     TIM1_BRK_TIM9_IRQHandler          ; TIM1 Break and TIM9                   
                DCD     TIM1_UP_TIM10_IRQHandler          ; TIM1 Update and TIM10                 
                DCD     TIM1_TRG_COM_TIM11_IRQHandler     ; TIM1 Trigger and Commutation and TIM11
                DCD     TIM1_CC_IRQHandler                ; TIM1 Capture Compare                                   
                DCD     TIM2_IRQHandler                   ; TIM2                                            
                DCD     TIM3_IRQHandler                   ; TIM3                                            
                DCD     TIM4_IRQHandler                   ; TIM4                                            
                DCD     I2C1_EV_IRQHandler                ; I2C1 Event                                             
                DCD     I2C1_ER_IRQHandler                ; I2C1 Error                                             
                DCD     I2C2_EV_IRQHandler                ; I2C2 Event                                             
                DCD     I2C2_ER_IRQHandler                ; I2C2 Error                                               
                DCD     SPI1_IRQHandler                   ; SPI1                                            
                DCD     SPI2_IRQHandler                   ; SPI2                                            
                DCD     USART1_IRQHandler                 ; USART1                                          
                DCD     USART2_IRQHandler                 ; USART2                                          
                DCD     USART3_IRQHandler                 ; USART3                                          
                DCD     EXTI15_10_IRQHandler              ; External Line[15:10]s                                  
                DCD     RTC_Alarm_IRQHandler              ; RTC Alarm (A and B) through EXTI Line                  
                DCD     OTG_FS_WKUP_IRQHandler            ; USB OTG FS Wakeup through EXTI line                        
                DCD     TIM8_BRK_TIM12_IRQHandler         ; TIM8 Break and TIM12                  
                DCD     TIM8_UP_TIM13_IRQHandler          ; TIM8 Update and TIM13                 
                DCD     TIM8_TRG_COM_TIM14_IRQHandler     ; TIM8 Trigger and Commutation and TIM14
                DCD     TIM8_CC_IRQHandler                ; TIM8 Capture Compare                                   
                DCD     DMA1_Stream7_IRQHandler           ; DMA1 Stream7                                           
                DCD     FMC_IRQHandler                    ; FMC                                             
                DCD     SDIO_IRQHandler                   ; SDIO                                            
                DCD     TIM5_IRQHandler                   ; TIM5                                            
                DCD     SPI3_IRQHandler                   ; SPI3                                            
                DCD     UART4_IRQHandler                  ; UART4                                           
                DCD     UART5_IRQHandler                  ; UART5                                           
                DCD     TIM6_DAC_IRQHandler               ; TIM6 and DAC1&2 underrun errors                   
                DCD     TIM7_IRQHandler                   ; TIM7                   
                DCD     DMA2_Stream0_IRQHandler           ; DMA2 Stream 0                                   
                DCD     DMA2_Stream1_IRQHandler           ; DMA2 Stream 1                                   
                DCD     DMA2_Stream2_IRQHandler           ; DMA2 Stream 2                                   
                DCD     DMA2_Stream3_IRQHandler           ; DMA2 Stream 3                                   
                DCD     DMA2_Stream4_IRQHandler           ; DMA2 Stream 4                                   
                DCD     ETH_IRQHandler                    ; Ethernet                                        
                DCD     ETH_WKUP_IRQHandler               ; Ethernet Wakeup through EXTI line                      
                DCD     CAN2_TX_IRQHandler                ; CAN2 TX                                                
                DCD     CAN2_RX0_IRQHandler               ; CAN2 RX0                                               
                DCD     CAN2_RX1_IRQHandler               ; CAN2 RX1                                               
                DCD     CAN2_SCE_IRQHandler               ; CAN2 SCE                                               
                DCD     OTG_FS_IRQHandler                 ; USB OTG FS                                      
                DCD     DMA2_Stream5_IRQHandler           ; DMA2 Stream 5                                   
                DCD     DMA2_Stream6_IRQHandler           ; DMA2 Stream 6                                   
                DCD     DMA2_Stream7_IRQHandler           ; DMA2 Stream 7                                   
                DCD     USART6_IRQHandler                 ; USART6                                           
                DCD     I2C3_EV_IRQHandler                ; I2C3 event                                             
                DCD     I2C3_ER_IRQHandler                ; I2C3 error                                             
                DCD     OTG_HS_EP1_OUT_IRQHandler         ; USB OTG HS End Point 1 Out                      
                DCD     OTG_HS_EP1_IN_IRQHandler          ; USB OTG HS End Point 1 In                       
                DCD     OTG_HS_WKUP_IRQHandler            ; USB OTG HS Wakeup through EXTI                         
                DCD     OTG_HS_IRQHandler                 ; USB OTG HS                                      
                DCD     DCMI_IRQHandler                   ; DCMI  
                DCD     0                                 ; Reserved				                              
                DCD     HASH_RNG_IRQHandler               ; Hash and Rng
                DCD     FPU_IRQHandler                    ; FPU
__Vectors_End
 
__Vectors_Size  EQU  __Vectors_End - __Vectors
                AREA    |.text|, CODE, READONLY				;.text  一般代表代码段，这里就是定义一段代码段
 
; Reset handler
Reset_Handler    PROC										;PROC 是子程序定义伪指令。等于定义了一个函数，函数名为 Reset_Handler
                 EXPORT  Reset_Handler             [WEAK]   ;导出弱定义符号 Reset_Handler 供全局使用
                 IMPORT  SystemInit							;表明后导入的函数在外部定义
                 IMPORT  __main
                 LDR     R0, =SystemInit					;复位子程序是系统上电后第一个执行的程序，调用 SystemInit 函数初始化系统时钟
                 BLX     R0                                 ;跳转到 R0 运行函数 SystemInit。初始化时钟、FPU、外存等设置
                 LDR     R0, =__main						;__main 是一个标准的 C 库函数，初始化用户堆栈，并在函数的最后调用 main 函数
                 BX      R0
                 ENDP
 

https://blog.csdn.net/m0_60718520/article/details/127309170